Article

Regulation of artificial intelligence in Ukraine in the framework of harmonisation of legislation with EU legal norms

Mykhailo Yanyshivskyi
Abstract

Due to the rapid development of artificial intelligence (AI) technologies, the massive spread of generative models such as ChatGPT, and the growing risks of their use, the issue of legislative regulation in this area has become relevant. The adoption of the Artificial Intelligence Act by the European Parliament in March 2024 marked the emergence of the world's first specialised law on the development and use of AI technologies. The purpose of the current study was to analyse the legal regulation of this field in Ukraine and the prospects for its harmonisation with European Union (EU) legislation in the framework of integration into the EU. During the study, the author used logical, comparative legal, systemic, and formal legal methods of scientific knowledge. The current state and prerequisites for legislative regulation of artificial intelligence in Ukraine and the EU were investigated. The author analyses the relationship between ethics, policy, and law in the field of AI at the national and international levels. It was found that Ukraine does not have specialised legislation on AI, however an approach is being taken to gradually implement EU regulation in this area. The article analyses the current legislation on AI regulation in Ukraine. It analyses the potential legal consequences of granting legal personality to AI, liability for its actions taken with AI, protection of data created and processed by AI, considering the General Data Protection Regulation and the possibilities of their adaptation. It also discusses aspects of extending copyright to objects created by AI, with recommendations for their legal regulation. The author summarises the key provisions of the EU Artificial Intelligence Act and assesses its potential impact on the legal framework of Ukraine. The results of this study can be used to further improve Ukraine's legislative framework in the field of AI regulation to harmonise with the approaches of the EU. It can also be used as a basis for scientific developments and practical recommendations for the settlement of legal issues related to the development and use of artificial intelligence technologies

Keywords

public policy; legal regulation; European integration; European Union law; Artificial Intelligence Act

Download article

Received 06.02.2024, Revised 18.04.2024, Accepted 18.06.2024

Retrieved from Volume 17, No. 1, 2024

Suggested citation

Yanyshivskyi, M. (2024). Regulation of artificial intelligence in Ukraine in the framework of harmonisation of legislation with EU legal norms. Democratic Governance, 17(1), 53-62. https://doi.org/10.23939/dg2024.53

https://doi.org/10.23939/dg2024.53

Pages 53-62

References

[1] Asimov, I. (1987). I, robot: Science fiction stories. Kyiv: Veselka.

[2] Barbashyn, S. (2023). Artificial intelligence: Problems and prospects of legal regulation in Ukraine and the EU. Retrieved from https://pravo.ua/shtuchnyi-intelekt-problemy-ta-perspektyvy-pravovoho-rehuliuvannia-v-ukraini-ta-ies.

[3] Castán, C.T. (2024). The legal concept of artificial intelligence: The debate surrounding the definition of AI System in the AI Act. BioLaw Journal, 1, 305-334. doi: 10.15168/2284-4503-3000.

[4] Centre for Democracy and Rule of Law. (2023). In Ukraine, the launch of a regulatory “sandbox” for artificial intelligence developers was announced. Retrieved from https://cedem.org.ua/news/regulyatorna-pisochnytsia.

[5] Civil Law Rules on Robotics. (2018). Official Journal of the European Union, C252, 239-257.

[6] Consolidated version of the Treaty on European Union. (2012). Official Journal of the European Union, C326, 13-45.

[7] Copeland, B.J. (2024). Artificial intelligence (AI): Definition, examples, types, applications, companies, & facts. Retrieved from https://www.britannica.com/technology/artificial-intelligence#ref219078.

[8] Court of Justice of the European Union. (2009). Case C-5/08: Infopaq International A/S v. Danske Dagblades Forening. Retrieved from https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A62008CJ0005.

[9] Doroshenko, O., & Tarasenko, L. (2022). The sui generis right to non-original objects generated by a computer programme: Novelties of legal regulation. Theory and Practice of Intellectual Property, 3, 87-96.

[10] Draft text of the recommendation on the ethics of artificial intelligence (2021). Retrieved from https://unesdoc. unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000377897.

[11] Ethics guidelines for trustworthy AI. (2019). Retrieved from https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/library/ethicsguidelines-trustworthy-ai.

[12] Europe terms of use. (2024). Retrieved from http://openai.com/policies/terms-of-use.

[13] European Commission. (2018). Artificial Intelligence for Europe. Retrieved from https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legalcontent/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:52018DC0237.

[14] European Commission. (2020a). Report on the safety and liability implications of AI, the Internet of Things and robotics. Retrieved from https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:52020DC0064&from=EN.

[15] European Commission. (2020b). White paper on Artificial Intelligence: A European approach to excellence and trust. Retrieved from https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:52020DC0065.

[16] European Commission. (2021a). Coordinated plan on Artificial Intelligence 2021 review. Retrieved from https://digitalstrategy.ec.europa.eu/en/library/coordinated-plan-artificial-intelligence-2021-review.

[17] European Commission. (2021b). Fostering a European approach to Artificial Intelligence. Retrieved from https://eur-lex. europa.eu/legal-content/en/TXT/?uri=COM%3A2021%3A205%3AFIN.

[18] European Parliament and Council. (2022). Proposal for a Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council on adapting non-contractual civil liability rules to Artificial Intelligence (AI liability directive). Retrieved from https://eur-lex. europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:52022PC0496.

[19] European Parliament and Council. (2024). Corrigendum to the position of the European Parliament Adopted at First Reading on 13 March 2024. Retrieved from https://www.europarl.europa.eu/doceo/document/TA-9-2024-0138FNL-COR01_EN.pdf.

[20] Global AI law and policy tracker. (2024). International Association of Privacy Professionals. Retrieved from https:// iapp.org/media/pdf/resource_center/global_ai_law_policy_tracker.pdf.

[21] Kalota, F. (2024). A primer on generative Artificial Intelligence. Education Sciences, 14(2), article number 172. doi: 10.3390/educsci14020172.

[22] Khorvatova, O.O. (2023). Some issues of international legal regulation of the use of artificial intelligence technologies in the field of life insurance. Law Review of Kyiv University of Law, 2, 230-233. doi: 10.36695/2219-5521.2.2023.49.

[23] Klochko, A., Kurylo, M., Rohovenko, O., Volchenko, N., & Shulzhenko, A. (2023). The legal regulation of artificial intelligence security in Ukrainian banking. Journal of Infrastructure, Policy and Development, 8(2), article number 2582. doi: 10.24294/jipd.v8i2.2582.

[24] Kuzmenko, O.V., Chorna, V.H., & Ostrovskyi, S.O. (2024). Legal regulation of the introduction and use of artificial intelligence. Kyiv Law Journal, 1, 173-177. doi: 10.32782/klj/2024.1.23.

[25] Law of Ukraine No. 2974-IX “On Copyright and Related Rights”. (2020, March). Retrieved from https://zakon.rada. gov.ua/laws/show/2811-20#Text.

[26] Ministry of Digital Transformation of Ukraine. (2023). Roadmap for the Regulation of Artificial Intelligence in Ukraine. Retrieved from https://is.gd/HwnjaT.

[27] Mok, A. (2023). Amazon, Apple, and 12 other major companies that have restricted employees from using ChatGPT. Retrieved from https://www.businessinsider.com/chatgpt-companies-issued-bans-restrictions-openai-ai-amazonapple-2023-7#apple-said-ai-could-lead-to-a-potential-leak-of-confidential-data-1.

[28] Müller, V.C. (2020). Ethics of artificial intelligence and robotics. In E.N. Zalta (Ed.), Stanford encyclopedia of philosophy (pp. 1-70). Palo Alto: CSLI, Stanford University.

[29] Order of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine No. 1556-р “On the Approval of the Concept for the Development of Artificial Intelligence in Ukraine”. (2020, December). Retrieved from https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/15562020-%D1%80#Text.

[30] Pagallo, U. (2024). Dismantling four myths in AI & EU law through legal information “About” reality. In H. Sousa Antunes, P.M. Freitas, A.L. Oliveira, C. Martins Pereira, E. Vaz de Sequeira & L. Barreto Xavier (Eds.), Multidisciplinary Perspectives on Artificial Intelligence and the Law. Law, Governance and Technology Series & (Vol. 58, pp. 251-261). Cham: Springer. doi: 10.1007/978-3-031-41264-6_13.

[31] Paramonova, O., & Varava, I. (2023). The place of artificial intelligence in the legal system. Scientific Works of National Aviation University. Series: Law Journal “Air and Space Law”, 3(68), 73-80. doi: 10.18372/2307-9061.68.17976.

[32] Pequeño, A.IV. (2024). OpenAI scores court victory after copyright lawsuit from Sarah Silverman is partially dismissed. Retrieved from https://www.forbes.com/sites/antoniopequenoiv/2024/02/13/openai-scores-court-victory-aftercopyright-lawsuit-from-sarah-silverman-is-partially-dismissed/.

[33] Radutnyi, O. (2018). Artificial intelligence as a subject in criminal law. Law of Ukraine, 1, 123-136. doi: 10.33498/ louu-2018-01-123.

[34] Recommendation of the Council on Artificial Intelligence. (2019) Retrieved from https://legalinstruments.oecd.org/ en/instruments/oecd-legal-0449.

[35] Regulation. (EU) of the European Parliament and of the Council No. 2016/679 “On the Protection of Natural Persons with regard to the Processing of Personal Data and on the Free Movement of Such Data (General Data Protection Regulation)”. (2016, April). Retrieved from https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2016/679/oj.

[36] Russell, S., & Norvig, P. (2021). Artificial Intelligence: A modern approach. Retrieved from https://people.engr.tamu. edu/guni/csce421/files/AI_Russell_Norvig.pdf.

[37] Saman, V., Novoselska, I., Martiuk, A., Yasynok, M., & Yasynok, D. (2024). Labour legislation and artificial intelligence: Europe and Ukraine. Paladyn, Journal of Behavioural Robotics, 15(1), article number 20220128. doi: 10.1515/pjbr2022-0128.

[38] Shadska, U. (2024). Human rights in the era of artificial intelligence: Challenges and legal regulation. Retrieved from https://v.gd/s8KWIx.

[39] Shyshka, N. (2023). Regarding compensation for damage caused by the use of artificial intelligence technologies: The state of legal regulation in Ukraine and the EU experience. In Problems of civil law and procedure: Abstracts of reports of participants of the scientific-practical conference dedicated to the 98th anniversary of the birth of O.A. Pushkin (pp. 272279). Vinnytsia: Kharkiv National University of Internal Affairs.

[40] Smirnov, I. (2023). Legal regulation of artificial intelligence: International experience and Ukrainian perspectives. Retrieved from https://biz.ligazakon.net/analitycs/223351_pravove-regulyuvannya-shtuchnogo-ntelektu-mzhnarodniy-dosvdta-ukransk-perspektivi.

[41] Stefanchuk, M.O., Muzyka-Stefanchuk, O.A., & Stefanchuk, M.M. (2021) Prospects of legal regulation of relations in the field of artificial intelligence use. Journal of the National Academy of Legal Sciences of Ukraine, 28(1), 157-168. doi: 10.37635/jnalsu.28(1).2021.157-168.

[42] Stefanyshyn, N.M., & Skhab-Buchyns.ka, T.Ya. (2023). Artificial intelligence in the system of civil rights objects. Analytical and Comparative Jurisprudence, 3, 126-131. doi: 10.24144/2788-6018.2023.03.23.

[43] Teremetskyi, V. (2024). Prospective regulation of artificial intelligence in the European Union and its possible implications for Ukraine. International Journal of Applied Engineering & Technology, 6(1), 137-145.

[44] The Bletchley Declaration by countries attending the AI Safety Summit, (2023). Retrieved from https://www.gov.uk/ government/publications/ai-safety-summit-2023-the-bletchley-declaration/the-bletchley-declaration-by-countriesattending-the-ai-safety-summit-1-2-november-2023.

[45] Tokarieva, K.S., & Savliiva, N.O. (2021). Peculiarities of legal regulation of artificial intelligence in Ukraine. Law Herald, 3(60), 148-153.

[46] Walker, H. (2023). Why was ChatGPT banned in Italy? Retrieved from https://tenintel.com/why-was-chatgpt-bannedin-italy.

[47] Yanyshivskyi, T.Ya., & Yanyshivskyi, M.M. (2023). The policy of the European Union in the field of artificial intelligence: Programme documents, legislation and practice of the EU Court of Justice. Public Administration and National Security, 6. doi: 10.25313/2617-572X-2023-6-9026.